Static testing includes:

Static testing refers to the examination of the software or its documentation without executing the code. This type of testing aims to identify errors or issues in the requirements, design, or code through techniques such as reviews, inspections, or static code analysis.

Focusing on code reviews, this practice involves systematically evaluating the code written by developers to identify potential errors, improve code quality, and enhance overall project compliance with standards. Code reviews are conducted during the development process, allowing teams to catch issues early, reduce the cost of fixing defects, and ensure best practices are followed.

In contrast, the other activities listed, such as unit testing, integration testing, and system testing, are forms of dynamic testing, which involve executing the code to verify its behavior against the requirements. Unit testing validates individual components, integration testing checks interactions between components, and system testing evaluates the application as a whole. Therefore, these are not considered static testing methods, as they require running the code to identify defects.