In which testing approach is expected results derived from the design?

Model-based testing is a testing approach where expected results are derived from a model that describes the functional behavior of the system under test. This model can represent various aspects of the system, such as its requirements, architecture, or any other specification that defines how the software should behave. By using this model, testers can generate test cases, including expected results, based on the underlying design and functionality of the software.

In model-based testing, the systematic representation of the system allows for a clear understanding of the intended outcomes of various inputs and scenarios. This enables a more structured and comprehensive testing process, as the derived expected results are closely aligned with the system’s specifications, which helps in identifying discrepancies between expected and actual outputs during testing.

Other testing approaches, such as exploratory, data-driven, and heuristic testing, approach the derivation of expected results differently. Exploratory testing relies more on the tester's intuition and experience without predefined tests, whereas data-driven testing focuses on execution with varying input data sets rather than generating expected results from a design. Heuristic testing, while also based on the tester's experience, utilizes rules of thumb rather than a structured design model to derive outcomes.